Ethereum L2 Aggregate Settlement Throughput Crosses 1,000 TPS Milestone
Ethereum ETH
Rank #2$2,132.97▲ +1.73%(24h)▲ +0.15%(7d)
24h Low $2,067.4624h High $2,127.47
Market Cap
$256.68B
24h Volume
$9.97B
Circulating
120.69M ETH
All-Time High
$4,946.05
▼ +56.88% from ATH
Ethereum Price Chart
Key Metrics
Market Cap
$256.68B
Volume (24h)
$9.97B
Circulating Supply
120.69M ETH
Max Supply
N/A
Ethereum Converter
Ethereum Converter
ETH
$USD
1 ETH = $2,132.97
Ethereum Historical Data
| All-Time High | $4,946.05 (August 24, 2025) |
| All-Time Low | $0.432979 (October 20, 2015) |
Where to Buy Ethereum
About Ethereum (ETH)
What is Ethereum?
Ethereum (ETH) is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization and the network where most on-chain experimentation happens. Vitalik Buterin proposed it in late 2013, and the Ethereum mainnet went live in July 2015. Where Bitcoin was designed as digital money, Ethereum was designed as a programmable ledger. Anyone can deploy a contract that runs as written, and anyone can interact with it.
ETH is the native token. You need ETH to pay transaction fees (called gas), to stake on the network, and to interact with virtually every Ethereum-based application. The token has no fixed supply cap, but issuance has been net-deflationary on most days since the EIP-1559 fee burn went live in 2021.
Ethereum price today
The Ethereum price comes from supply and demand across spot and derivatives markets. The most active pairs are ETH/USD, ETH/USDT, and ETH/BTC. Live data on this page is aggregated from a multi-venue market feed and refreshes every 60 seconds. The reference quote is a volume-weighted average across the venues with the deepest order books.
What moves Ethereum on any given day:
- Spot ETF flows. The US approved spot Ethereum ETFs in July 2024. BlackRock’s ETHA and Fidelity’s FETH publish daily creates and redemptions.
- Staking yield. About 28% of all ETH is staked. Yield drops when more ETH gets locked up and rises when validators exit.
- Layer 2 activity. Arbitrum, Base, and Optimism settle most user transactions on top of Ethereum. When L2 volume spikes, ETH burn rises.
- Macro and risk-on appetite. Ethereum trades like a high-beta version of Bitcoin in most macro regimes.
The numbers in the price card above are live. The analysis below uses the levels at page load. For longer-term scenarios, see our Ethereum price forecast.
The Merge and Ethereum’s proof-of-stake economics
In September 2022, Ethereum switched from proof-of-work mining to proof-of-stake validation. The event was called the Merge, and it cut the network’s energy use by over 99%. Validators now secure the chain by locking up at least 32 ETH and proposing blocks in their assigned slots.
Three things changed on the day of the Merge:
- ETH issuance dropped from roughly 13,000 ETH per day under PoW to roughly 1,700 ETH per day under PoS.
- Combined with the EIP-1559 fee burn, ETH has been net-deflationary on roughly 70% of days since.
- Staking became the only way to earn protocol-level yield on ETH. Current returns sit around 3 to 4% APR.
Ethereum has no fixed supply cap, but the burn-versus-issuance balance means total ETH supply has been falling slightly, not growing.
Layer 2 ecosystem: where Ethereum transactions actually happen
Most Ethereum users do not interact with the base chain anymore. They use Layer 2 networks that bundle transactions, prove them cryptographically, and post the proof back to Ethereum mainnet. Fees on L2s are 10x to 100x cheaper than on L1.
The largest Ethereum L2s by total value locked:
- Arbitrum. Optimistic rollup, the longest-running general-purpose L2.
- Base. Built by Coinbase, the fastest growth in 2024 and 2025.
- Optimism. Optimistic rollup and the anchor of the Superchain stack.
- zkSync, Linea, and Scroll. Zero-knowledge rollups using validity proofs.
- StarkNet. ZK rollup with its own programming language (Cairo).
When you bridge ETH to an L2, you use it the same way as on mainnet: pay gas, swap tokens, mint NFTs, supply liquidity. The base chain settles security; the L2 settles speed.
Ethereum gas fees: why they spike and how to manage them
Gas is the unit Ethereum uses to price computation. Every transaction has a gas cost (set by the operation type) and a gas price (set by user demand). The total fee is gas units multiplied by gas price. When demand surges, gas prices spike, and a simple ETH transfer can cost $50 or more.
Three ways to keep Ethereum gas fees down:
- Use an L2 for routine transactions. Bridging once and operating on Arbitrum or Base typically costs cents.
- Set a custom gas price during off-peak hours. Sundays and weekday nights (UTC) are usually cheaper.
- Batch operations. Some wallets and aggregators bundle an approve and a swap into one transaction.
The Ethereum protocol burns the base portion of every gas fee. That burn is what makes ETH supply contract on busy days.
How to buy and stake Ethereum safely
Buying Ethereum follows the same five-step flow that works for any major coin. The risk you carry depends on where you buy and how you store the ETH after.
- Pick a regulated exchange. You want deep ETH/USD liquidity, transparent fees, and at least one independent security audit. Our exchange ratings compare the leading options.
- Verify your identity. KYC usually takes under 10 minutes on regulated platforms.
- Fund the account. Bank transfers are cheapest but slow. Stablecoin deposits settle in minutes for the lowest fee.
- Place the order. A market order fills at spot. A limit order sets the maximum you are willing to pay. Use TWAP for positions over $10,000.
- Move ETH into self-custody. Hardware wallets (Ledger, Trezor) for long-term holdings. Software wallets (MetaMask, Rabby) for active use.
For Ethereum staking, you have three paths:
- Solo stake with 32 ETH. Maximum yield, full control, but you have to run a validator node.
- Pooled staking through Lido or Rocket Pool. You get a liquid staking token (stETH, rETH) you can use across DeFi while it accrues rewards.
- Exchange staking. Coinbase and Kraken offer one-click staking with a simpler UX, at a slightly lower yield.
Ethereum vs Bitcoin vs Solana
Ethereum gets compared to Bitcoin because it is the next-largest cryptocurrency, and to Solana because both compete for the smart-contract layer.
- Use case: Ethereum is a smart-contract platform with the largest developer base and DeFi ecosystem. Bitcoin is a settlement layer and a store of value. Solana is a high-throughput chain optimized for speed.
- Throughput: Ethereum L1 handles roughly 15 transactions per second. L2s push effective throughput to thousands. Solana handles 3,000+ TPS directly at L1.
- Yield: Ethereum staking returns 3 to 4% APR. Bitcoin pays nothing by design. Solana staking returns 6 to 8% APR.
- Decentralization: Ethereum has more validator nodes than any other smart-contract chain. Solana runs on fewer, more powerful nodes. Bitcoin’s PoW network has the largest hashrate.
- Stability: Ethereum has not had a major outage since 2020. Solana has had several multi-hour outages. Bitcoin has never gone down.
Most allocation models pair Ethereum with Bitcoin as the two foundational crypto positions and add smaller allocations to high-throughput chains for upside.
Risks of holding Ethereum
Price swings are the obvious risk. Smart-contract and validator-side risks matter just as much.
- Drawdown. ETH has dropped 80% or more from cycle highs more than once. Size positions assuming the same is possible again.
- Smart-contract risk. Most ETH usage runs through contracts written by third parties. Bugs and exploits drain hundreds of millions per year across the industry.
- Regulatory ambiguity. The SEC has not committed to whether ETH is a commodity or a security. The CFTC has treated it as a commodity for derivatives purposes.
- Centralization concerns. Roughly 30% of staked ETH sits with a small number of liquid-staking providers, with Lido alone holding the largest share.
- Validator slashing. Solo stakers can lose ETH if their validator misbehaves or stays offline for too long.
This page is information, not financial advice. Talk to someone licensed before allocating real capital.
Ethereum price analysis
At the time of writing, Ethereum (ETH) trades at $2,132.97, with a 24-hour trading volume of $9.97B and a total market capitalization of $256.68B. The asset is currently ranked #2 among all tracked cryptocurrencies by market cap.
Over the last 24 hours, the ETH price has rose +1.73%. On the seven-day chart, Ethereum has climbed +0.15%, showing consistent upward momentum across both timeframes. Short-term price swings are often amplified by liquidity conditions, news flow, and derivatives positioning, so traders should confirm signals across multiple indicators before acting.
Ethereum's all-time high of $4,946.05 was set on August 24, 2025. The current market price is +56.88% below that historical peak. Distance from the all-time high is a common reference point when evaluating long-term recoveries and identifying macro support or resistance levels.
How to buy Ethereum
Buying Ethereum (ETH) is straightforward once you know which exchange to use and which trading pair offers the best liquidity. The steps below describe the typical flow used by most investors today.
- Choose a reputable exchange. Pick a platform that lists ETH with deep liquidity, transparent fees, and strong security practices. Our top-rated exchanges guide compares the leading venues side-by-side.
- Create and verify your account.Complete the exchange's KYC process — most platforms require a government-issued ID and a short identity check. Verification is usually a one-time step that takes just a few minutes.
- Deposit funds. Fund your account with fiat currency via bank transfer, card, or a stablecoin like USDT or USDC. Stablecoin deposits typically offer the fastest settlement and lowest fees.
- Place a buy order. Navigate to the ETH/USD or ETH/USDT pair and either execute a market order for instant fills or set a limit order at your preferred entry price.
- Secure your ETH. For long-term holdings, consider moving your tokens to a non-custodial wallet — a hardware device for the highest security, or a reputable software wallet for frequent access.
You can also use the built-in Ethereum converter above to estimate exactly how much ETH you would receive for a given amount in USD before placing an order.
Is Ethereum a good investment?
Whether Ethereum is a good investment depends on your goals, time horizon, and tolerance for volatility. Like all cryptocurrencies, ETH carries significant market risk — prices can rise or fall sharply in a single day, and past performance is not a reliable indicator of future returns.
Potential strengths
- Ranked #2 by market cap with an established trading history and active exchange coverage.
- Transparent on-chain data: real-time supply, circulation metrics, and publicly auditable transactions.
- Ongoing ecosystem development and community engagement, as reflected in Smart Contract Platform, Layer 1 (L1) sector activity.
Key risks to consider
- Volatility: 24-hour moves of 5–15% are common in crypto markets.
- Regulatory uncertainty: changes in policy across major jurisdictions can materially affect price and access.
- Liquidity and custody risk: not all exchanges are equally safe, and self-custody requires careful key management.
This page provides data and analysis for educational purposes only. It is not financial advice. Always do your own research, diversify, and never invest more than you can afford to lose.
FAQ
What is Ethereum used for?
Most on-chain activity runs on Ethereum or its Layer 2 networks. The biggest categories are decentralized finance (lending, swapping, derivatives), stablecoins (USDC and USDT both circulate primarily as Ethereum tokens), NFTs, and on-chain identity. ETH is the native token and is required to pay for any of these operations.
Is Ethereum a good investment?
Ethereum has outperformed Bitcoin in roughly half of the last seven calendar years on a USD basis, with deeper drawdowns in down years. Ethereum is more volatile than Bitcoin and more tied to actual on-chain activity. If DeFi and L2 use grow, ETH burn grows and supply contracts. If activity collapses, ETH inflates again. Holders with multi-year horizons have done well historically; short-term performance correlates more with macro than with Ethereum-specific news.
How does Ethereum staking work?
Validators lock up ETH and run software that proposes and attests to blocks. Solo stakers need 32 ETH and their own hardware. Most users stake through pools like Lido or Rocket Pool, or through an exchange. Annual yield sits around 3 to 4% APR, paid in ETH. Withdrawals work, but they queue during high-demand periods.
Why are Ethereum gas fees so high?
Block space on Ethereum is limited, and demand spikes faster than supply. When NFT mints, airdrops, or DeFi liquidations cluster, every user bids up gas to get included faster. The protocol burns the base portion of each fee, which is why high-fee periods make ETH net-deflationary. Routine transactions belong on a Layer 2 like Arbitrum or Base, where fees run 10x to 100x lower.
Is Ethereum better than Bitcoin?
They do different jobs. Bitcoin is the simpler asset: fixed supply, no smart contracts, treated as digital gold. Ethereum is more programmable but also more complex and less purely monetary. Most institutional investors hold both. Bitcoin is the base reserve; Ethereum is exposure to programmable money.
What is the Ethereum Merge?
The Merge happened in September 2022. It moved Ethereum from proof-of-work mining to proof-of-stake validation. Energy use dropped by over 99%. Issuance fell from roughly 13,000 ETH per day to 1,700 ETH per day. Combined with the EIP-1559 fee burn, ETH has been net-deflationary on most days since.
Can Ethereum reach $10,000?
A $10,000 ETH price would mean a market cap near $1.2 trillion at current supply. That is possible but not certain. The drivers would be sustained ETF inflows, growing L2 activity (which increases the burn), and continued institutional staking demand. Standard Chartered and a handful of other banks have published multi-year ETH targets in the $5,000 to $10,000 range. None of those projections is a guarantee.
Is Ethereum legal?
Ethereum is legal in most countries, including the US, the UK, the EU, Canada, Japan, and Australia. The US SEC has not declared whether ETH is a commodity or a security; the CFTC treats it as a commodity for derivatives purposes. A small number of jurisdictions restrict cryptocurrency broadly, including China and Algeria.
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